The significant positive relationship between livestock inheritance and herd size noted in this study Tables 4 and 5 suggests herders who have inherited livestock are likely to have larger herds than those who have not. In the culture of this group of pastoralists, a man's ownership of livestock starts at birth, where the father gives the child at least one female animal often symbolized by tying his navel cord to the animal soon after being born, and thereafter his herd builds up. Amongst the Somali pastoralist community, this practice is known as wahad Guliye et al.
Both dowry received and livestock bought by the pastoralists are not significant determinants of herd size. This is because as much as the pastoralists receive dowry when their daughters get married, they are also expected to pay the same as bride price when their male family members are getting married. Thus, although livestock is gained through dowry, it is also lost as bride price.
Similarly, the sale of livestock for various household needs counteracts any increase in herd size resulting from purchase of animals. Herders who perceive migration positively and migrate with their livestock are in a better position to access more pasture and water and avoid livestock losses through drought and diseases.
Indeed, Little et al. Through migration, herders may also be able to avoid insecurities brought about by cattle rustling. This study intended to elucidate the effects of cattle rustling and other household characteristics on migration decisions and herd size amongst the pastoralists in Baringo District in Kenya.
Gender and age of the household head are important determinants of the decision to migrate and herd size. Households headed by younger males are more likely to make migratory decisions.
Also, the ownership of large number of cattle and the occurrence of droughts and diseases influences pastoralists' decision to migrate. However, the engagement in non-livestock income-generating activities reduces the possibility of migration. Male-headed households are more likely to keep larger herds of livestock, whereas household heads with higher level of education are more likely to keep smaller herd sizes.
Also, households with bigger family sizes and those that have inherited livestock are more likely to own larger herds of livestock. However, generation of income outside livestock rearing by the pastoralists leads to the keeping of smaller herds of animals. The intensity and frequency of cattle rustling inversely affects the herd size of pastoralists.
Droughts and diseases often lead to loss of livestock, thus reducing herd size, and therefore influence the decision to migrate so as to avoid loss of animals. In general, the practice of cattle livestock rustling, which is quite rampant amongst pastoralist communities in Kenya sometimes occurring across borders , destabilises communities, such that they are not able to pursue their normal livelihood strategies and thus may be contributing to increased poverty.
Policies pursued by successive governments have failed to contain this menace, perhaps because the traditional conflict-solving institutions have been undermined by the creation of administrative structures that are not subject to traditional institutions. Besides, the high unemployment and rising poverty levels amongst pastoral communities are fuelling cattle rustling. Increasing the level of development in pastoral areas may help in reducing the problem.
Formulation of appropriate policies, achieved through an all-inclusive consultative process, coupled with improved infrastructures schools, alternative sources of income, security, etc. Such policies should not only aim at improving existing livelihood sources mainly based on livestock but also provide alternative livelihood strategies so as to achieve food security. Further participatory research that includes the pastoralists needs to be conducted to determine the trends of cattle rustling, achievements made by any previous interventions and other feasible remedial measures to combat cattle rustling and related insecurity.
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Princeton: Princeton University Press; Human Organization , 57 4 — Republic of Kenya, Government Printer, Nairobi Download references. The authors thank most sincerely all those pastoralists interviewed in Baringo District for their time and willingness to share their experiences on such an emotive subject of cattle rustling.
Box , Nairobi, Kenya. Box , Chuka, Kenya. Box , Egerton, Kenya. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Abdi Y Guliye. All authors participated in collecting data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Reprints and Permissions. Kaimba, G. Effects of cattle rustling and household characteristics on migration decisions and herd size amongst pastoralists in Baringo District, Kenya. Pastoralism 1, 18 Download citation.
Received : 24 April Accepted : 20 October Published : 20 October Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all SpringerOpen articles Search. Download PDF. Materials and methods Study area The study was conducted in Baringo, one of the arid and semi-arid districts in the Rift Valley Province of Kenya.
Sampling procedure The sample population consisted of herders within Baringo District. Theoretical framework This study is based on the theory of risk and uncertainty. Table 1 Independent variables. Full size table. Results The responses of the surveyed pastoralists in Baringo District of Kenya to various household characteristics are presented in Table 2.
Table 2 Household characteristics of the pastoralists surveyed in Baringo District, Kenya. Table 3 Determinants of the decision to migrate amongst pastoral communities in Baringo District, Kenya.
Figure 1. In , Diakonia, together with its Kenyan partners, ADS and CIM initiated a program to improve resilience to the effects of climate change for vulnerable communities in the area.
The five-year project involved enhancing the capacity of communities to cope with the effects of climate change, promoting the uptake of sustainable livelihood options and advocating for the development, mainstreaming and implementation of sustainable climate change resilience policies, strategies, and plans.
To combat hunger, food was distributed to the most vulnerable populations in the area and community meetings were held with the young warriors encouraging them to embrace farming as an alternative to cattle rustling. Cattle raiding, cattle theft, and now cattle rustling is a common practice amongst pastoralists in the arid and semi-arid land regions in Kenya that involves the forceful acquisition of cattle from one community by another using guns and other weapons and may lead to loss of lives and destruction of property.
Baringo County, home to more than people, is not an exception for this dangerous activity that has seen thousands of lives lost and caused many to flee their homes. Traditionally, cattle raiding was accepted and controlled by cultural elders, to restock livestock, but due to commercialization of the activity, and the availability of weaponry, it has turned out to be a dreaded and deadly activity.
Poverty, political instigation, idleness, unfavorable climatic conditions such as persisting droughts, are some of the factors that influence cattle rustling. Cattle raiding was my life until one day I lost my friends during a raid and decided not to return. With the support of Diakonia, Namwoma received training on farming from CIM during a visit to Yatta where they saw farmers successfully grow vegetables in a dry area, and it has since then changed his way of life.
Every harvest if way more than the previous one. The cookies collect information in a way that does not directly identify anyone. For more information on how these cookies work, please see our Privacy Policy. Cattle Rustling and SSR. Selected Resources. Challenges: Corruption within the security services and other institutions, as well as links between them and the raiders prevent the security services is a significant impediment to addressing cattle rustling.
In some countries, high-ranking individuals are directly involved in the process by directing the cattle meat onto legitimate markets. Insufficient personnel, equipment, communication, ammunition and transportation resources are a significant obstacle to tackling the problem. Although there are success stories, security services often arrive too late to the scene or have insufficient ammunition resources and are outgunned by the raiders, resulting in them being ineffective at recovering livestock.
Challenges: Poor communication between security services and local communities has resulted in security services arriving too late to the scene of raids. Raiders are becoming more and more heavily armed resulting in local communities feeling intimidated or that it is too dangerous to lend their support.
Judicial Processes. Challenges: Poor prosecution rates due to problems at all stages of the process; from evidence gathering, to slow and lengthy prosecution and overcrowding in prisons as a result. A major problem is the difficulty or inability to prove ownership of the cattle through a lack of branding or tagging.
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