Thirty-six different types of Yakshini's are described in the texts of Tantras, who fulfill the different desires of human beings. They are believed to always remain young and beautiful, powerful, and effective, who if pleased can fulfill the materialistic desires of a person.
Yakshini Sadhana can be done by following specific tantras. In our literature search, we could not find any description of succubus in psychiatric literature, although there are few case reports[ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ] documenting the phenomenon of incubus, which have also being described in relation to erotomania. In the Case 2, the phenomenon of succubus was possibly associated with erotomania and fantastic hallucinations. Yakshini's are believed to be staying in the Himalayan region and both our patients came from the same region and had beliefs of the existence of Yakshinis.
However, both our patients were fully convinced about the experiences occurring against their will, had delusional beliefs associated with the same, fulfilled the diagnosis of schizophrenia irrespective of this phenomenon, and these symptoms responded to antipsychotic medications along with improvement in other symptoms.
This led to the conclusion that both our patients had phenomenon of succubus. Our cases reflect the influence of cultural beliefs on manifestation of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia and emphasize the role of cultural beliefs in origin and shaping of psychopathology. The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms.
The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Ind Psychiatry J v. Ind Psychiatry J. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Address for correspondence: Dr. E-mail: moc. This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4. Abstract Succubus is also known as demon female lover who approaches males in their dreams to have sex. Keywords: Phenomenology, schizophrenia, succubus.
CASE REPORTS Case 1 A year-old male, from middle socioeconomic status, who had no family history of any mental illness presented with an insidious onset and continuous illness of 3 years' duration, characterized by delusion of persecution, delusion of reference, delusion of grandiosity, delusion of control, auditory hallucination of commanding and discussing type, thought broadcast, apathy, poor self-care, and marked sociooccupational dysfunction.
Case 2 A year-old male, who has been using cannabis in dependent pattern presented with an insidious onset and continuous illness of 2 years' duration, characterized by the delusion of reference, delusional percept, delusion of love, auditory commenting, commanding, and discussing , and tactile hallucinations.
Declaration of patient consent The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. Financial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest. Stephens W. The University of Chicago Press; Cline J. Incubus attack: Are people visited by demons during the night? Psychol Today. Grover S, Mehra A. Incubus syndrome: A case series and review of literature. Indian J Psychol Med. Harper D. Online Etymology Dictionary. Aschkenasy N.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; Markale J. Watelet; Harry S, Maurice S, translators. The Zohar. London: The Soncino Press; After remission of depressive symptoms, she maintained well on olanzapine for the next 3 years. After this, she stopped olanzapine and maintained well without medications for the next 6 years and again had a relapse of similar symptoms following a stressor.
She was again managed with olanzapine and achieved remission in 4 months. A year-old graduate, single, female presented to emergency department after a suicidal attempt. Exploration of history revealed that she was symptomatic since the age of 20 years. Her illness had an acute onset and was continuous in course. The symptoms were characterized by auditory hallucinations of commenting and discussing type, suspiciousness, delusion of reference, delusion of persecution, delusion of control, thought echo, remaining aloof, apathy, anhedonia and poor self-care, and marked psychosocial dysfunction.
After about 3 years of onset of symptoms in addition to the aforementioned symptoms, additionally she started claiming herself to be incarnation of a goddess and reported that she was approached at the night time by a male god for sexual intercourse.
She would elaborate that, whenever she would go to bed, she would be able to feel the presence of male god, whom she could feel over her body. She could also feel her legs being separated, would be able to feel movement of the hands over her body, and would be able to feel the movement of phallus in her vagina.
Corroborative evidence from the family members who would share bed with her confirmed patient making pelvic movements at night which was not associated with any genital self-stimulation. These would mostly occur after 1—2 h of sleep, but there was a wide variation in timing with respect to sleep onset and these experiences.
She held this belief with full conviction. The patient was not distressed by these symptoms, rather would enjoy this experience. Over the years, she had received adequate trials of olanzapine, aripiprazole, and risperidone without much benefit.
Under the influence of auditory hallucinations, she jumped from the roof top and landed in emergency. She sustained multiple fractures of both lower limbs. Initially, she was managed by the orthopedicians for her fracture and was clinically stabilized and then transferred to psychiatry inpatient unit.
There was no history suggestive of any neurological deficits, narcolepsy, insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep terrors, nightmares, sleep-related movement disorders, panic attacks, posttraumatic stress disorder, any cognitive deficits, and substance abuse. She was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. She was managed with electroconvulsive therapy and clozapine, with which all her positive symptoms resolved. She also perceived significant improvement in the negative symptoms. She maintained well for the next 1 year on clozapine, without any relapse of symptoms.
A year-old woman presented to the emergency department with organophosphorus poisoning. Evaluation of history revealed that she was suffering from a psychotic disorder since the age of 25 years. Her illness was characterized by delusion of reference, delusion of persecution, delusion of control, poor socialization, poor self-care, anhedonia, and apathy. Since the age of 36 years in addition to the aforementioned symptoms, she started to experience that someone was having sexual intercourse with her.
As per patient while lying down, both during the daytime and night, she could feel that someone was touching, kissing her all over the body including the breast, lips, and genitalia. Often, she would wake up in the middle of the sleep after few hours of going to sleep and feel that someone had sexual intercourse with her. She held this belief with delusional conviction.
She would attribute these experiences to black magic. She would remain very distressed due to these symptoms and would feel guilty, as it was against her sociocultural belief to have sexual intercourse with someone other than her spouse.
She never experienced orgasm during any such episodes. Due to this, she also attempted to harm herself on multiple occasions. After one of the self-harm attempt, she came to the emergency department. There was no history suggestive of any neurological deficits, narcolepsy, insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep terrors, nightmares, sleep-related movement disorders, panic attacks, posttraumatic stress disorder, cognitive deficits, and substance abuse. Her investigations in the form of hemogram, renal function test, liver function test, serum electrolytes, thyroid function test, and magnetic resonance imaging of brain did not reveal any abnormality.
A year-old female was diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, and obesity at the age of 45 years. From the age of 47 years, gradually she developed symptoms in the form of delusion of control, thought echo, auditory hallucinations of commenting and commanding in nature, aloofness, irritability, and poor self-care. In addition, she would also report of being raped while she goes to sleep.
She would remain fearful because of the same. She would describe her helplessness and say that whenever she would go to bed, she would feel sensation over her genitals and breasts suggestive of someone having sexual intercourse with her.
She would clearly describe that, after few hours of going to sleep, she would feel that someone would come and lie down over her, move his hands over her body, especially the breast and genitalia, and have penetrative intercourse with her. However, she would deny ever having orgasm during such episodes. There was no history suggestive of any neurological deficits, other sleep-related phenomenon, panic attacks, posttraumatic stress disorder, and substance abuse.
On investigation, no abnormality was found in her hemogram, renal function test, liver function test, serum electrolytes, thyroid function test, and magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalogram. Hence, the prevalence of the incubus phenomenon might be lower in groups of healthy individuals. Finally, due to the strictness of our procedure, the total number of studies to be analyzed was relatively small, at least in comparison with the number of studies on the related topic of sleep paralysis.
On the basis of this systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting on the prevalence of the incubus phenomenon, its lifetime prevalence rate in the general population was found to be 0. MM contributed to the conception and design of the work and to the acquisition and analysis and interpretation of data for the work, drafted and revised the work, gave final approval for the final version to be published, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
HM and OB contributed to the interpretation of data for the work, revised the work, gave final approval for the final version to be published, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. ZA and J-PB contributed to the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data for the work, revised the work, gave final approval for the final version to be published, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
JDB contributed to the conception and design of the work and to the analysis and interpretation of data for the work, drafted and revised the work, gave final approval for the final version to be published, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
The research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Hurd R. Sleep Paralysis. Google Scholar. Cheyne JA.
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